You’ve polished your resume, tailored your cover letter, and hit “submit” on your dream job application. But then, surprise! You’re asked to provide references.
If you’re unsure who to include, how many to list, or even whether to put references on your resume at all, you’re not alone. Many job seekers struggle with this final step. You’ll discover how to handle references strategically, ensuring that when the hiring manager reaches out, you will be ready to answer confidently.
Whether you’re a student, a seasoned professional, or transitioning careers, this will help you get it right.
Should You Include References on a Resume?
Most of the time, no.
Adding references directly on your resume used to be the norm. But today? Hiring managers prefer you leave them out.
Why?
- References take up valuable space that should be used for skills and accomplishments.
- Recruiters typically ask for references after the interview.
- It’s assumed you’ll provide them if requested.
Pro Tip: Only include references if the job posting explicitly requests them. Otherwise, create a separate references sheet.
When & Why Employers Ask for References
Most hiring teams ask for references after they’ve narrowed down the list of applicants. It typically means you’re a final candidate.
References help employers:
- Confirm your work history
- Get insights into your soft skills
- Learn about your work ethic and reliability
- Spot any red flags from previous jobs
When Should You Include References?
There are exceptions. You should include references when:
- The job posting explicitly asks for them
- You’re applying to a government, academic, or research position
- You’re in freelance or consulting work, and testimonials matter
If it’s not clearly requested, leave them off and prepare a separate reference sheet just in case.
How to List References on a Resume
If you’re specifically asked to list references on your resume, here’s the ideal format:
Example: Samantha Greene
Project Manager, BrightTech Inc.
(555) 123-9876
sgreene@brighttech.com
Former Supervisor at BrightTech Inc.
What to Include:
- Full Name
- Job Title
- Company Name
- Phone Number
- Professional Email
- Relationship to You
Tip: List your most relevant and impressive reference first.
How to Format a Resume References Section
1. Use a Separate References Page
A separate document keeps your resume clean and professional.
Header Example:
Jordan L. Smith
jordansmith@email.com | (123) 456-7890 | linkedin.com/in/jordansmith
Title: “Professional References for Jordan L. Smith”
List 3–5 references using the format above.
2. Match the Design
Ensure the font, size, and spacing match your resume and cover letter.
3. Formatting Do’s and Don’ts
Do:
- Use consistent spacing and clean alignment
- Use professional fonts like Arial, Calibri, or Helvetica
- Group by relevance if possible (e.g., “Marketing References” vs. “Academic References”)
Don’t:
- Use colored or fancy fonts
- Add personal addresses unless requested
- Overcrowd the page; leave white space
Good vs. Bad Resume Reference Examples
Good Example:
Robert Maxwell
Senior Developer, CodeCraft Ltd.
(222) 987-1234
rmaxwell@codecraft.io
Former Team Lead at CodeCraft
Bad Example:
Martha Payne (Aunt) – Retired Nurse
2809 Candlelight Drive, Lurton, AR
(870) 294-1238
marthapayne@yahoo.com
“She raised me and knows me better than anyone.”
Avoid informal titles, family members, and lengthy personal descriptions.
Who Makes a Strong Resume Reference?
Great reference options include:
- Former supervisors or managers
- Team leads or senior colleagues
- Academic mentors or professors
- Internship coordinators
- Freelance clients
Avoid:
- Family or friends
- People you had conflicts with
- References unaware of your job search
Industry Tip:
If you’re applying in tech, list your engineering manager over an HR generalist. If you’re in academia, choose a department chair over a classmate.
How Many References Should You Include?
While there’s no official rule, here’s a standard approach:
- Entry-Level Job Seekers: 3–4 references
- Mid-Level Professionals: 4–5 references
- Executives: 5–7 references
Tailor the number based on the seniority of the role. One great reference per relevant role or skill area is usually enough.
How to Ask for Permission to Use a Reference
Reach out with a clear and polite message:
Sample Email:
Hi [Name], I’m applying for a [Job Title] at [Company]. Would you be open to being listed as a reference? I’d be happy to share my resume and the job description with you. Thanks so much for considering it!
LinkedIn Message:
Hi [Name], I hope you’re doing well! I’m currently applying for a new role and would love to use you as a reference. Would that be okay with you?
In-Person or Call:
“Would you feel comfortable being a reference for me? I’m applying for a [Job Title] and think your perspective would really help.”
Best Practices:
- Ask in advance
- Share your resume
- Let them know the role and company
- Thank them afterward
- Keep them updated on your job search
What If You Don’t Have Any References?
No worries! You can get creative and still be professional:
- Reach out to professors, TAs, or academic mentors
- Use internship or volunteer supervisors
- Include project partners from side gigs
- Ask clients from freelance work
Start building a professional network now, even if you’re not job hunting yet.
Final Tips on Using References the Right Way
- Don’t include “References available upon request”
- Format your reference sheet cleanly
- List your strongest reference first
- Update your references occasionally
- Send a thank-you message after you’re hired
- Check that contact info is current
- Match references to the skills required in the job description
Key Takeaways
- Don’t include references on your resume unless asked
- Do Create a separate reference sheet
- Choose professional, reliable contacts who can vouch for you
- Format references clearly and consistently
- Always ask for permission before listing someone
FAQs
Q: Should I list references on my resume?
A: Not unless the job description specifically requests them. Use a separate reference page instead.
Q: How many references should I include?
A: Typically, 3 to 5, depending on your experience level.
Q: Can I use a friend or family member as a reference?
A: No. Always use professional contacts like managers, mentors, or colleagues.
Q: What should I include in a reference entry?
A: Full name, job title, company, phone, email, and your relationship to them.
Q: What if my reference doesn’t respond to calls?
A: Always double-check availability before listing someone. If they’re unresponsive, replace them.
References aren’t just a formality. They’re a powerful way to validate your qualifications and help employers feel confident about hiring you. With the right people, formatting, and timing, your reference sheet can become a final nudge toward landing the job. Keep your reference list updated, stay in touch with your contacts, and don’t underestimate the impact of a well-prepared recommendation.
